GREML was used to determine the SNP-heritability (h2SNP) of DSM-5 AUD factor score, severity (i.e., mild, moderate, severe), diagnosis (i.e., control vs. case [i.e., 2+ symptoms]), and individual symptoms. This approach was implemented using GCTA. GREML utilizes a genetic relationship matrix to decompose phenotypic variance into genetic effects captured by the common SNPs and error variance. The SNP-heritability estimates were transformed on the liability scale to account for distributional differences in prevalence of AUD and endorsement of AUD symptoms observed in this case/control study versus the general population (i.e. the proportion of cases in this study is higher than what is seen in the population). Lifetime population prevalence estimates that were used to transform the SNP-heritability and co-heritability estimates were calculated for DSM-5 AUD diagnosis and individual symptoms from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC, wave 1; N=43,093) (Hasin and Grant, 2015) and, for craving from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES)(Grant et al., 2003). Craving in NLAES was defined by endorsement of at least one of two possible items: ‘Want to drink so badly
