For example, studies using transgenic flies have demonstrated that signaling via cyclic AMP, monoamines, insulin, and neuropeptides impact ethanol-related behaviors (Bainton et al., 2000; Corl et al., 2005; Moore et al., 1998; Rodan et al., 2002; Scholz, 2005; Wen et al., 2005). Additionally, the fly model has been used to establish roles for multiple cytoskeletal regulators and cell adhesion molecules (Bhandari et al., 2009; Peru y Colon de Portugal et al., 2012; Rothenfluh et al., 2006; Sordella and Aelst, 2006), chloride intracellular channels (Bhandari et al., 2012) and many other proteins (Rodan and Rothenfluh, 2010; Scholz and Mustard, 2011) in sensitivity and tolerance to ethanol.
