Our findings need to be interpreted in light of several limitations. First, the assessment of parental ADS generally occurred years prior to the adolescent interview, and there is considerable variability in adolescents’ age at the time of assessment of parental ADS (from 1 to 15 years, M = 7.56, SD = 3.13). For the majority of the sample, we did not have data on parental ADS at the time when parenting and adolescent outcomes variables were measured, and thus did not know whether or not parental ADS were still present at the assessment of parenting behaviors and adolescent outcomes. Thus, it was not possible to determine whether or how long adolescents were exposed to parental ADS. We note, however, that both concurrent and history of parental alcohol problems have been shown to be associated with negative parenting behaviors and psychosocial outcomes in offspring (Conway et al., 2004; Schepis et al., 2008). Prior research also suggests that parental alcohol dependence and related externalizing disorders have long-term negative influence on offspring alcohol problems, regardless of timing of parental exposure (Edwards et al.,
