outcomes in offspring (Conway et al., 2004; Schepis et al., 2008). Prior research also suggests that parental alcohol dependence and related externalizing disorders have long-term negative influence on offspring alcohol problems, regardless of timing of parental exposure (Edwards et al., 2017). Parental alcohol dependence (either past or concurrent), in part, represent parents’ genetic predispositions toward risky and problematic behaviors and/or stable individual characteristics (e.g., personality traits), which can play an important role in influencing their parenting behaviors and child outcomes. In addition, adult alcohol dependence tends to be relatively stable across time (Chassin et al., 2004), and our post hoc analyses indicated that adding adolescents’ age at the assessment of parental ADS as a covariate did not change the pattern of results.
