even moderately significant for both groups) and only a limited number of SNPs that come close to replicating across the two groups. To further contextualize these distributions, we repeated these figures using the simulated environment described earlier; these are plotted in the bottom half of Fig. 4. As with the true environmental model, the simulated environmental model yields p values whose logarithms are negatively correlated with one another and, again, no consistent evidence for the reliability of genetic signals amid a sea of noise.