A diagnosis of past-year DSM-IV dependence required endorsement of ≥3 dependence criteria (Figure 1) in the year immediately preceding the Wave 2 interview, whereas a diagnosis of past-year DSM-IV abuse required anendorsement of at least one abuse criterion. The DSM-IV AUD diagnoses are highly reliable, e.g. kappa = .74 for past-year AUD (Grant et al., 2003b). To be positive for past-year DSM-5 moderate AUD, respondents had to endorse 2–3 of the 11 DSM-5 AUD criteria (Figure 1)during the year preceding the Wave 2 interview. Past-year DSM-5 severe AUD required endorsement of ≥4 criteria.
