All CD cases met lifetime DSM-III-R or DSM-IV criteria for CD (APA, 1987; 1994). Individuals with schizophrenia or another psychotic illness were excluded. CIP was defined as having a transient, unrealistic and self-limited paranoid experience, e.g., irrational intense suspicion of others. CIP occurs during cocaine use and typically resolves with abstinence. CIP was assessed only among individuals with a diagnosis of CD. The controls were screened to exclude Major Axis I disorders, including substance dependence (SD), schizophrenia, mood disorder, major anxiety disorder and more, using DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) (Spitzer and Endicott 1975). The subjects were recruited from four sites: Yale University School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, McLean Hospital of Harvard Medical School, and Medical University of South Carolina.
