All subjects were interviewed with the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA), a comprehensive diagnostic instrument designed to accommodate several diagnostic systems, including DSM-III-R (42) and DSM-IV (45). The SSAGA includes detailed assessments of alcohol and drug use as well as substance-related and non-substance psychiatric disorders (46, 47). In this study, lifetime DSM-5 AUD criteria (48) were based on 3 DSM-IV abuse symptoms (excluding legal problems), craving (which replaced the DSM-IV abuse criterion for legal problems in DSM-5), and 7 DSM-IV dependence symptoms. DSM-5 AUD was operationalized as 2 or more of 11 possible criteria occurring in the same 12-month period, with recency noted as the last age any criterion (other than craving) was reported. Consistent with DSM-5, remission was defined as the absence of all 10 AUD criteria, other than craving, for at least 12 months. In these analyses, remission was characterized as non-abstinent or abstinent (no alcohol consumption for 12 months), based on the most recent information about AUD symptoms and alcohol consumption. The AUD/remission status for probands and for relatives who participated in the follow-up
