Dawson, Grant, Stinson, & Chou, 2004). We were unable to fully control for college matriculation in our analyses because of the temporal sequence of the data and developmental nature of analyses. College matriculation could not be treated as a time-varying covariate in the model because it was not possible for participants to be in college during the initial waves of data collection when they were adolescents. To estimate what effect college matriculation could have, we examined the associations between college matriculation and HED at the later waves of data collection (i.e., Waves III and Wave IV). We found that for both African-American and Caucasians the mean HED score of respondents who attended college was higher than the mean HED score for those who did not attend college. The difference between the means was significantly different that zero (data not shown); however, when examining the magnitude of this difference, the size was extremely small (Cohen’s d = −0.16 for Caucasians and 0.11 for African Americans for wave III and Cohen’s d = −0.03 for Caucasians and 0.08 for African Americans for wave IV). Thus, the results presented in the current study are not adjusted for college matriculation; however, it is unlikely
