For the categories of adverse effects of medical treatment as well as war and other forms of collective violence, including legally sanctioned deaths, there is insufficient evidence for a causal impact of alcohol, though there is ample anecdotal evidence of alcohol intoxication as the source of “liquid courage” in collective violence [218] and as being used to amplify cruelty in wartime (e.g., [218;219]). Thus, Mueller [218] notes that the killing squads at Srebrenica were often shored up with generous quantities of liquor, as was typical for the wars in former Yugoslavia. In the Rwanda genocide, massacres were often committed by drunken militia bands, fortified with assorted drugs from pharmacies [220]. Likewise, there are reports documenting the intoxication involved in the purposive violence of football hooligan crowds [221].
