Fortunately, not all adolescent COAs develop externalizing behaviors. One possible source of strength for adolescent COAs is positive family functioning. Park and Schepp (2014) reviewed the literature to establish the risk and protective factors for COAs at the individual, familial, social, and biological levels. They concluded that better family functioning, including higher family cohesion and family adaptability, supported COAs in their resiliency against negative outcomes. Other research has shown that adolescents who reported stronger family cohesion were less likely to use drugs or alcohol (Kopak, Chen, Haas, & Rogers Gillmore, 2012). In a recent review of longitudinal studies that examined the impact of parenting behaviors on adolescent alcohol use, adolescent-parent communication was related to alcohol use initiation (Ryan, Jorm, & Lubman, 2010). Research has shown that open communication with parents may serve as a protective factor against depression in cases of parental problem drinking (Ohannessian, 2013). Importantly, Mares, van der Vorst, Engels, and Lichtwarck-Aschoff (2011) found that discussion of alcohol use mediated the relationship between parental alcohol use and excessive adolescent drinking. El-Sheikh and Buckhalt (2003) also found that children
