Participants were 197 youth (58% girls; 27% 3rd grade, 35% 6th grade, 38% 9th grade; 64% White; 6% African–American; 10% Latino; 4% Asian; 15% mixed ethnicity) recruited from public schools. The youth came to the laboratory with a parent (80% mothers). After the parent completed an informed consent form and the youth completed an assent form, the youth provided a DNA sample and together they were observed during a parent–child discussion.
