Youth completed the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale for Children and provided a DNA sample, which was genotyped with exactly the same procedures as study 1. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms were in the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Genotype frequencies were 20 L'L', 53 L'S' and 27% S'S'. Genotype frequencies did not vary significantly by race (χ2=0.001, P=0.98) or sex (χ2=1.56, P=0.21).