Gene-based associations with OA were calculated from the gSEM summary statistics with MAGMA v1.0841 with a 10 kb gene window via the Functional Mapping and Annotation (FUMA) of GWAS web tool v1.3.6a72. The gSEM summary statistics were mapped to 15,977 protein coding genes, resulting in a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of p = 3.129e-6 for declaring genome-wide significance.