A distribution of p-values was estimated for each of the following null hypotheses, with the mean p-value reported for: (a) PAE = COA; (b) PAE = mother AD; (c) PAE = father AD; (d) PAE = unknown parent AD (i.e., no information about which parent was AD), and (e) mother AD = father AD. These distributions were estimated for ADHD and CD. Due to the small number of studies obtained for ODD, only p-value distributions for hypotheses (a) and (c) and (d) were estimated.
