2014; Paşca et al., 2015). These cells have already been successfully applied to model complex polygenic diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (Liao et al., 2016; Takamatsu et al., 2014; Wray et al., 2013), schizophrenia (Brennand et al., 2011; K. Brennand et al., 2015; Toyoshima et al., 2016), and bipolar disorder (Mertens et al., 2015b), demonstrating distinct cellular and molecular phenotypes. Furthermore, co-culture systems have great potential for elucidating the contribution of a cell type to a disease phenotype as well as cell-autonomous and non-autonomous effects. Thus, hiPSC studies show great promise for helping to elucidate the genetic underpinnings of human diseases such as AUD.
