protocols (Bell et al., 2017). While vapor chambers are the preferred method for sustained high BALs, in addition to inhalation, animals are exposed to ethanol via skin absorption. Problems with drinking protocols include a transitory alcohol preference in the absence of withdrawal signs and symptoms upon cessation of drinking. Finally, these methods include an integral stress factor, which, however, some have argued provides face validity (al’Absi, Carr, & Bongard, 2007). Fundamentally, the relative value of a behavioral (self-administration) or pharmacological (forced administration) model is dependent upon the type of questions that are asked.
