Because the taste of alcohol is aversive to most animals, heterogeneous stock rats for example, consume only modest amounts of ethanol and blood alcohol levels (BALs) achieved are minimal. One of the criteria for a successful animal model of alcoholism is the demonstration of physical dependence per se must be unequivocally attributed to the chronic administration and subsequent removal of ethanol. Common models to induce physical dependence to alcohol (cf., Mello, 1973) include exposure to ethanol via drinking (e.g., Xu et al., 2018), intraperitoneal (i.p.) (e.g., Liew et al., 2016) or intragastric (i.g.) (e.g., Luo, Shen, Chen, Wang, & Yu, 2017; Zahr, Rohlfing, et al., 2016) injections, and vapor chambers (e.g., Frischknecht et al., 2017). Typically i.p. and i.g. methods are used for acute and binge like protocols, while free drinking and vapor chambers are used for more chronic exposure protocols (Bell et al., 2017). While vapor chambers are the preferred method for sustained high BALs, in addition to inhalation, animals are exposed to ethanol via skin absorption. Problems with drinking protocols include a transitory alcohol preference in the absence
