drinkers. Similarly, in the present study, differences across impulsivity levels are more likely to be attributable to implications of impulsivity rather than to effects of substantial alcohol exposure. While we believe this was a sound approach, it leaves unanswered the question of whether the patterns of subjective response by impulsivity level reported here would also apply to heavy drinkers from the community or within a clinical sample of patients with alcohol use disorder. This is an important potential future research direction. Both patterns of subjective response (King et al., 2011) and impulsivity (Littlefield et al., 2010) have been found to predict alcohol-related outcomes prospectively. Thus, it would be important to determine whether drinkers at high risk with respect to both subjective response and impulsivity are at particularly high risk for continued heavy drinking and negative consequences. A paradigm in which subjective response to IV ethanol with clamping procedure is examined by impulsivity level could also benefit future medication development (i.e., testing medications to decrease stimulation and/or increase sedation among highly impulsive, heavy drinkers).
