Recruitment procedures have been described in prior reports (Tarter, Kirisci, Ridenour, & Vanyukov, 2008; Tarter, Kirisci, Mezzich, et al., 2012). Briefly, the sample was accrued through biological fathers who qualified for SUD diagnosis consequent to use of an illegal drug (SUD+) or had no adult psychiatric disorder (SUD−). The SUD+ men were recruited using public service announcements, advertisements in print and electronic media, and random-digit dialing conducted by a market research firm. In addition, approximately 20% of the men were accrued through treatment facilities. Multiple recruitment methods were utilized, owing to the low prevalence in the population of SUD+ men who had a healthy 10- to 12-year-old biological child and current or past spouse (mother of the child) willing to participate in this long-term study. The children of the SUD− fathers were recruited using the same procedures, except that none of the men were obtained from treatment facilities. Follow-up evaluations of the children were conducted when they attained the ages of 12 to 14, 16, 19, and 22 years.
