All subjects were personally interviewed using the Semi-Structured Assessment for Nicotine Dependence (SSAND) which was developed specifically for COGEND and was modeled after the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) (33, 34) and Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (35). As part of the assessment interview, level of parent monitoring in middle childhood (grades 7–8) was assessed in relation to an 9-item scale, adapted and modified from Capaldi and Patterson (1989) (36) and shown to be reliable (Cronbach’s α=0.83). The construct validity of the parent monitoring scale used in this study was supported by the robust associations between parent monitoring and the child problem outcomes (24). The reliability and validity of the same instrument has been reported in previous studies (38, 47–49). The focus of these items is on the supervision and monitoring provided by parent or other responsible caretakers, including babysitters and other after-school or evening caretakers. The subjects were prompted in the interview to report the parent monitoring they experienced in childhood. The questions asked the subjects to report on the degree to which their parent expected
