Few studies have examined the association between SFA policies and alcohol consumption; results suggest that there is a negative association, but in some cases this has been observed only among subgroups. Two studies reported no differences in overall alcohol consumption associated with SFA policies, but suggested that such policies may influence the behavior of heavier drinkers. Results from a multi-country cohort study showed small reductions in alcohol consumed by hazardous drinkers and small reductions in frequency of alcohol consumption among heavy smokers (Kasza et al., 2012). Similarly, McKee et al. (2009) found no overall differences in drinking between Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom after a smoke-free policy was implemented in Scotland, but did find a reduction in drinking in pubs and bars among moderate and heavy-drinking smokers in Scotland. Picone et al. (2004) found that smoking bans are associated with reduced alcohol consumption in females age ≥51 years. Young-Wolff et al. (2013) examined longitudinal U.S. survey data; SFA laws increased the likelihood of alcohol use disorder remission among current drinkers, with pronounced effects among smokers, men and younger adults .
