[17, 18, 11] however those reports included individuals with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure who fell along the entire continuum of diagnoses, including those with facial dysmorphology. In the study by Rajaprakash et al. children with ARND had heavey prenatal alcohol exposure, cognitive or behavioral deficits, but no facial dysmorphia. Several previous studies have found that groups composed of individuals diagnosed with FAS may display regionally disproportionate volumetric reductions while such reductions may not achieve statistical significance in alcohol-exposed groups of children who do not meet criteria for FAS (e.g., [17, 18]).
