All GWAS were performed at the cohort level in European-ancestry subjects according to a pre-specified and publicly archived analysis plan (see URLs). All GWAS included controls for the top 10 (or more) principal components of the genetic relatedness matrix and for sex and birth year. Genotyping was performed using a range of commercially available genotyping arrays. We applied extensive quality-control (QC) procedures to the cohort-level summary statistics, including but not limited to the EasyQC protocol developed by the GIANT consortium45. We used Haplotype Reference Consortium v1.1 (HRC) data to construct our main reference panel, which we used for quality control of the GWAS summary statistics and to determine the independence of significant loci. For the 23andMe and UKB cohorts, only SNPs with minor allele frequency (MAF) greater than 0.001 were analyzed. All meta-analyses were restricted to SNPs with a sample size greater than half of the maximum sample size across all the SNPs in the GWAS. In total, 9,284,738 SNPs were analyzed in the discovery GWAS of general risk tolerance; 9,339,358 SNPs were analyzed in the GWAS of adventurousness; and
