Several studies have found that women have a higher risk for SUD following adverse childhood experiences [e.g. parental violence (Smith et al. 2010; Schiff et al. 2014)], while some studies found that men had a greater risk for SUD [e.g. sexual abuse (Kendler et al. 2015)]. Recently, a large Canadian populationbased study (Fuller-Thomson et al. 2016) indicated no significant gender differences in the associations of maltreatment with alcohol or drug dependence. Differences in measurement, sample composition, and developmental timing of outcomes are clearly important sources of these mixed findings (Kristman-Valente & Wells, 2013), however, it remains unclear whether associations of childhood trauma and SUD are more pronounced for males or females.
