Data were drawn from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE) (Bierut et al.). SAGE is one study of the Gene Environment Association Studies (GENEVA) project (Cornelis et al., 2010). Unrelated cases and controls for the SAGE sample were drawn from 3 contributing projects: the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Nicotine Dependence (COGEND) and the Family Study of Cocaine Dependence (FSCD). While the contributing studies originally ascertained subjects for alcohol dependence (COGA), nicotine dependence (COGEND: based on an FTND score of 4 or greater in current smokers, controls being smokers) and for cocaine dependence (FSCD), the subset of cases selected for genotyping in SAGE were uniformly defined as those meeting criteria for DSM-IV alcohol dependence (N=1899) while controls (N=1946) were individuals who reported drinking alcohol but did not meet criteria, during their lifetime, for alcohol dependence. Note that even though the parent projects were family-based, the series of cases and controls for SAGE, and consequently for these analyses, were selected to be unrelated individuals. Of these, 1,186 cases and
