both positive and negative reinforcement are important in influencing drug use in later stages of addiction. Our findings are also in line with prior studies that showed associations between positive reinforcement and moderate drinking and associations between negative reinforcement and alcohol-related problems such as AD (Kuntsche et al., 2005). Thus, our findings build upon prior research to provide further support for the notion that positive and negative reinforcement have differential importance in influencing alcohol use outcomes that may represent different stages of alcohol addiction.
