We measured protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines including TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the hippocampus, where we had observed a significant increase in CCR2+ macrophages following chronic alcohol. We found that both TNFα and IL-1β (including both cleaved and uncleaved forms) were induced by chronic alcohol and that 3-week treatment with CVC reduced these proteins as well as IL-6 in CVC-treated alcohol-fed mice (Fig. 4a).
