that in some applications, allele frequencies may also be required. A partial list of publicly available summary association statistics from large GWAS is provided in Table 1. Summary statistics also offer advantages in computational cost, which does not scale with the number of individuals in the study. These advantages have motivated the recent development of many new methods for analyzing summary association data, often in conjunction with linkage disequilibrium (LD) information from a population reference panel such as 1000 Genomes2.
