The goal of the current paper, then, is to test an enrichment of associations between the gene set used by Aliev et al. (2014) and externalizing phenotypes, modeled using a latent general factor and a series of residual behavior-specific (e.g., alcohol use, sensation seeking personality) factors, in an independent sample. Importantly, our sample was not selected for alcohol use disorder, as was the COGA sample, broadening the generalizability of the findings. Our “deep phenotyping” approach (Robinson, 2012) captures persistent externalizing behavior and traits across time. Participants were followed prospectively from late adolescence through early adulthood over eleven assessment waves (from about age 18 to 28), and they were measured on a variety of externalizing phenotypes, including hazardous alcohol use, tobacco smoking, marijuana use, risky sex, property crime, and impulsive/sensation-seeking personality traits. Like other studies of the externalizing spectrum (Latendresse et al., 2015; Salvatore et al., 2015), we used latent factor analyses to model variance common across behaviors, and, by using 10 waves of longitudinal data, variance common across time. Therefore, individuals who scored highly on our key phenotype of interest
