Ongoing cases of SUD were significantly associated with stress and gender (see Table 4). Two or more stressful life events were associated with greater odds of ongoing AUD, TUD, and CUD compared to zero or one stressful life event. Females were less likely to have an ongoing AUD compared to males. Interactions between stress and gender were not significant for ongoing vs. remitted AUD, TUD, CUD, or OUD. Table 4.Associations of two or more stressful life events and gender with transitions in ongoing vs. remitted DSM-5 SUD diagnoses.Main effectsTwo-way interactionStress (2+ events vs. 0 or 1 event)Gender (female vs. male)Stress by genderOR (95% CI)Wald χ2OR (95% CI)Wald χ2Wald χ2Alcohol use disorder2.39 (2.14, 2.68)231.22a0.80 (0.71, 0.90)13.13ansTobacco use disorder2.62 (2.31, 2.97)228.02ansnsCannabis use disorder2.95 (2.18, 4.01)48.48ansnsOpioid use disordernsnsnsNote: DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition; SUD: substance use disorder; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; ns: nonsignificant.aAll Walds significant at p < 0.001 unless specified with ns.
