Alcohol (10% w/v) was prepared with 95% ethyl alcohol and tap water. Glucose (3%) and/or saccharin (0-0.125%; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was added to the water or alcohol solutions to achieve the appropriate concentration. Sweetened alcohol was only used in the early stages of training and was faded out so that animals were lever pressing for 10% w/v alcohol (unsweetened) versus water within the first few weeks of training.