There is a growing literature demonstrating that the implications of developmental stress or alcohol are sexually divergent. Increased attention and appreciation of sex-specific consequences has emerged in recent years, most recently fueled by the directive from National Institutes of Health in 2014 requiring researchers to address sex differences in all new grant proposals (Clayton and Collins, 2014). The interaction of sex and developmental teratogen exposure is an area of research that has been ignored for too long. Numerous sexually dimorphic changes emerge after stress exposure, including changes to behavior, gene expression, and DNA methylation (Blaze and Roth, 2017; Franklin et al., 2010; Mueller and Bale, 2008; Roth et al., 2014; St-Cyr and McGowan, 2015). Sex-specific changes to anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors have been some of the most consistently reported behavioral effects following developmental stress exposure. Sex-specific outcomes have also been observed in individuals with FASD and in animal models. For example, male children with FASD are diagnosed with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at twice the rate of females with FASD (Herman et al., 2008). In addition, females and males
