observed in individuals with FASD and in animal models. For example, male children with FASD are diagnosed with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at twice the rate of females with FASD (Herman et al., 2008). In addition, females and males with FASD who had been diagnosed with ADHD had sex-specific differences in executive functioning compared to the sex-matched controls; females with ADHD had worse executive functioning while males with ADHD performed better. In animal studies, male rats prenatally exposed to alcohol show increased anxiety-like behavior, while females displayed more depressive-like behavior and higher levels of corticosterone (Weinberg et al., 2008).
