nominal association (P=0.00065, OR=1.76, 95%CI=1.27–2.44). No association was seen in the combined analysis of both the rMDD and MDD population-based replication sets (P=0.41). The risk allele for rs16856199 did not segregate with rMDD in 10 families of carriers identified from the Generation Scotland replication sample (Supplementary Figure S5). This suggests that there is increased evidence for association of rs16856199 in the more severely affected individuals.