Chunk #40 — Methods — Glial cell-mediated glutamatergic dysfunction in co-occurring SUDs and depression — Ketamine as a glutamatergic probe in comorbidity
Although acute and transient ketamine-induced dysphoria is an identified adverse effect, subanesthetic ketamine also has rapid and robust antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant MDD (Berman et al. 2000; Zarate et al. 2006) and bipolar depression (Diazgranados et al. 2010a; Zarate et al. 2012).This enhanced glutamatergic responsivity has also been observed in MDD (Phelps et al. 2009) and bipolar depressed (Luckenbaugh et al. 2012) patients with a first degree relative with alcoholism as these individuals have an augmented anti-depressant response to ketamine.
