To address the first major research question: Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) with repeated measures was used to determine if the values for phase locking index (PLI) for the three electrode locations in the human (human: Frontal Cortex (FZ), Central Cortex (CZ), Parietal Cortex (PZ), and in rat (rat: Frontal cortex (FCTX), dorsal hippocampus (DHPC), amygdala (AMYG) were higher following the rare (target) stimuli as compared to the frequent (non-target tone) within the ROI frequencies and time intervals under the placebo condition. MANOVA revealed that highly significant increases were seen in the PLI obtained following the infrequent (target) tone as compared to the frequent (non-target) tone in all brain sites in all of the ROI time frequency intervals in humans (Wilk’s Lambda=0.393; F=67.32; df=5,218; p<0.0001) (Grand mean: frequent tone =0.401 ± 0.006, range=0.133-0.876, infrequent tone=0.586 ± 0.006, range=0.182-0.933) and in rats (Wilk’s Lambda=0.300; F=121.0; df=5,260; p<0.0001) (Grand mean: frequent tone =0.366 ± 0.007, range=0.064-0.8461, infrequent tone=0.648 ± 0.008, range=0.150-0.982). These results are presented in figure 1. Similar highly significant findings were found in phase difference lock index (PDLI) between FZ
