rats (Wilk’s Lambda=0.300; F=121.0; df=5,260; p<0.0001) (Grand mean: frequent tone =0.366 ± 0.007, range=0.064-0.8461, infrequent tone=0.648 ± 0.008, range=0.150-0.982). These results are presented in figure 1. Similar highly significant findings were found in phase difference lock index (PDLI) between FZ and PZ in humans (Wilk’s Lambda=0.415; F=61.43; df=5,218; p<0.0001) (Grand mean: frequent tone =0.761 ± 0.005, range=0.368-0.993, infrequent tone=0.873 ± 0.004, range=0.516-0.996) and between FCTX and DHPC, DHPC and AMYG and between FCTX and AMYG in the rats (Wilk’s Lambda=0.366; F=88.06; df=5,254; p<0.0001) (Grand mean: frequent tone =0.434 ± 0.005, range=0.08-0.999, infrequent tone=0.642 ± 0.006, range= 0.2-1.0). PDLI was found to be significantly higher in humans and in rats following the infrequent (target) tone as compared to the frequent (non-target) tone in all of the ROI time frequency intervals. Phase locking was higher in humans for the frequent tone than in rats. In all these analyses repeated measures were Bonferonni corrected and all analyses met criteria for significance (p<0.0001). Additionally, it was found that the amount of phase locking in humans in cortical sites is higher in the delta frequencies, whereas, in rats the greatest increases in phase locking to the stimulus occurs in beta and gamma frequencies at FCTX,
