with metabolism in the left superior temporal gyrus. Prior to rTMS, metabolism within the left superior temporal gyrus was positively correlated with a large distributed network including the bilateral temporal cortices and anterior cingulate, and negatively correlated with a number of regions including the inferior parietal lobule, precuneus, and primary sensorimotor cortices. After rTMS, the size of both the positive and negatively correlated regions decreased, suggesting that rTMS was decreasing the functional connectivity of the stimulated region (Figure 10). The EEG analysis revealed increased delta power in the anterior cingulate bilaterally, and decreased beta power in the left temporal cortex. Intriguingly, beta activity was increased in the contralateral (right) temporal lobe and inferior parietal lobule, again raising the possibility of increased interhemispheric inhibition to the pathologically hyperactive cortex. Thus, this study also supported the notion that rTMS alters activity in a widespread cortical network, with the pattern of changes (a decrease in functional connectivity from the left temporoparietal junction and an increase in functional connectivity in the contralateral cortex and frontal areas) suggesting a mechanism for observed behavioral effects. A more recent study using resting-state fMRI (Vercammen et al., 2010b) also found that rTMS altered brain connectivity by significantly increasing
