Chunk #57 — II. Samples for genome studies of human addiction vulnerabilities and related phenotypes (Figure 2)

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Molecular genetics of addiction and related heritable phenotypes: genome-wide association approaches identify "connectivity constellation" and drug target genes with pleiotropic effects.

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Dependent smokers of European ancestry were diagnosed using Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND score ≥ 4) criteria and compared to smokers did not display FTND dependence (scores = 0) [3]. About 1/4 of the individuals who displayed “dependence” by FTND standards did not display DSM IV nicotine dependence. About ¼ of the individuals used in this study as “controls” did display DSM nicotine dependence.