Thus, the first task for investigators seeking consilience between human and animal studies of GXE interactions is to identify those environment variables that are ripe for translation across human and animal models of alcohol dependence. This, by necessity, excludes some potent risk and moderating factors for either drinking and/or alcohol use disorders (e.g., culture, Hanson, 1995; religious beliefs, Haber & Jacob, 2007) that have no clear counterparts in nonhuman animal species; and others (e.g. chronic history of childhood sexual or other assaultive trauma; see Sartor et al., 2008) that involve stressors of such severity that they would be prohibited by regulations concerning the use of animals in research. Other important factors such as cost, although in humans determined largely by taxation (see Chaloupka, Grossman, & Saffer, 2002), can, in principle, be modeled via different schedules of reinforcement similarly in both humans and nonhuman animals (Etten, Higgins, & Bickel, 1995). Finally other kinds of psychosocial variables such as parental neglect can be modeled although what is considered to be neglect in humans (e.g., lack of nurturance, inadequate attention to basic physical
