that so many individuals with an ARND fall through the cracks in systems of care. To identify the full range of outcomes resulting from gestational alcohol exposure, we need to define the behavioral characteristics resulting from such exposure. This is indeed a challenging task, and more than one behavioral phenotype might be required, given differences in the risk factors for FASD. This article is also important for laying down the foundation for understanding the brain-behavioral relationships assessed in the other articles. Some of these brain-behavior relationships are pointed out in the article by Lebel et al. in which structural MRI studies indicate widespread abnormalities in brain following gestational alcohol exposure. Of significant interest is that in some cases the extent of structural brain abnormalities correlates with severity of FAS facial features, and more pronounced FAS facial characteristics are associated with more severe behavioral problems.
