Participants (n= 104) were a subset of a larger sample of adolescents who took part in a study of biobehavioral mechanisms relating antisocial behavior and problematic substance use in youth (for additional details see Miranda et al., 2010).The present study focused on previously unreported data regarding parental practices and peer influences. All youth who enrolled in the larger project were afforded the opportunity to participate in the genetic segment of the study and 90.1% agreed. Separate informed written consent/assent was obtained for DNA collection. Informed written consent for the study was obtained from participants >18 years and from the parents/legal guardians of minors prior to participation; assent was obtained from minors. Of those who consented to the genetics study, three individuals were excluded from analyses due to an inability to successfully genotype their DNA sample and another five youths were excluded due to incomplete data. The Brown University Institutional Review Board approved all procedures. To be eligible, adolescents had no history of traumatic brain injury or hearing difficulties. Participants were also required to test negative on a urine toxicology screen
