excluded due to incomplete data. The Brown University Institutional Review Board approved all procedures. To be eligible, adolescents had no history of traumatic brain injury or hearing difficulties. Participants were also required to test negative on a urine toxicology screen on the day of assessment for the following substances: alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, and opiates. Although youth who endorsed suicidal ideation or psychotic symptoms were ineligible for the study, other forms of psychopathology were not exclusionary. Adolescents who enrolled in the genetic portion of the study did not differ from those who declined in terms of age, education, racial background, ethnicity, sex, or AUDs (p values > .05). We limited the present analyses to European-American participants to control for potential confounds from population stratification. This approach, which relied on participants’ self-reported ancestry, is consistent with similar studies (Hutchison et al., 2004; Park et al., 2011).
