DSM-IV alcohol dependence (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) was measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule - DSM-IV Version (AUDADIS-IV) (Grant et al., 2001b). To be classified with lifetime alcohol dependence, respondents had to endorse one or more symptoms of at least three of the seven dependence criteria (tolerance, withdrawal, persistent desire or attempts to reduce or stop drinking, much time spent drinking or recovering from drinking, reduction/cessation of important activities in favor of drinking, impaired control over drinking, and continued use despite physical or psychological problems), and some of these experiences had to happen within the same 1-year period (Grant et al., 2004a).
