Associations of parental violence and AUD were relatively similar across race/ethnicity (statistically significant ORs ranged from 1.1 to 1.9). However, statistically significant group differences in the associations of parental violence and AUD were observed; increased risk for AUD was observed for White (OR 1.1), Black (OR 1.1), and Hispanic women (OR 1.2), and American-Indian men (OR 1.8). In adjusted models, however, only associations among Hispanic women (aOR 1.1) and American Indian men (aOR 1.9) remained. Previous studies have found that women and racial/ethnic minorities are more commonly exposed to domestic and/or partner violence (Caetano et al. 2005; Cho, 2012; Clark et al. 2016) although, other research suggests these group differences in exposure to IPV are no longer present when socioeconomic factors are taken into account (Klevens et al. 2007; Bonomi et al. 2009; Cho, 2012). In the present study, female participants and American-Indian males report increased rates of exposure to parental violence. These findings must be interpreted in the context of the father-figure towards mother-figure direction embedded within these variables since previous studies have shown that the gender of the
