performed paired comparisons to detect gene expression changes in response to Li treatment. This is an additive model with the patient as the blocking factor. For all other experiments, a two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test was used to determine the statistical significance of observed differences between various conditions. The analysis approaches have been justified as appropriate by previous biological studies, and all data met the criteria of normal distribution. In all experiments, two lines from one patient were prepared, and one or two lines were eventually used for the experiment depending on the status of the cells, such as differentiation and cell density. For most experiments in this study, neurons of all patients and at similar densities were investigated (Extended Data Fig. 10), except that, for recordings of spontaneous AP firing, two patients with BD LR were investigated. The statistical data for each subject are listed in Supplementary Table 7. In the experiments, every cell line had a unique code that could not tell the identity of the subject but could tell which two lines belonged to the same subject, so that the person performing the experiments could use at least one line for each subject without knowing the group category.
