Maternal drinking results (Table 1) show many significant differences across groups. The number of standard drinks consumed three months before pregnancy is significantly different (F = 23.31, p <.001), with Dunnett’s C post hoc analyses indicating differences between the unexposed controls (x̄ = 0.3, SD = 1.3) and all three other FASD diagnostic groups, FAS (x̄ = 11.0), PFAS (x̄ = 14.0), ARND (x̄ = 16.9), and exposed controls (x̄ = 8.2). More mothers of children with ARND (67.9%) reported drinking more (than current levels at interview) prior to the index pregnancy than did mothers of children FAS (62.5%), PFAS (52.4%), and exposed controls (44.4%).