Maternal alcohol consumption producing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): quantity, frequency, and timing of drinking.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- May, Philip A; Blankenship, Jason; Marais, Anna-Susan; Gossage, J Phillip; Kalberg, Wendy O; Joubert, Belinda; Cloete, Marise; Barnard, Ronel; De Vries, Marlene; Hasken, Julie; Robinson, Luther K; Adnams, Colleen M; Buckley, David; Manning, Melanie; Parry, Charles D H; Hoyme, H Eugene; Tabachnick, Barbara; Seedat, Soraya
- Year
- 2013
- Journal
- Drug and alcohol dependence
- PMID
- 23932841
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.013
- PMCID
- PMC3829200
BACKGROUND: Concise, accurate measures of maternal prenatal alcohol use are needed to better understand fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). METHODS: Measures of drinking by mothers of children with specific FASD diagnoses and mothers of randomly-selected controls are compared and also correlated with physical and cognitive/behavioral outcomes. RESULTS: Measures of maternal alcohol use can differentiate maternal drinking associated with FASD from that of controls and some from mothers of alcohol-exposed normals. Six variables that combine quantity and frequency concepts distinguish mothers of FASD children from normal controls. Alcohol use variables, when applied to each trimester and three months prior to pregnancy, provide insight on critical timing of exposure as well. Measures of drinking, especially bingeing, correlate significantly with increased child dysmorphology and negative cognitive/behavioral outcomes in children, especially low non-verbal IQ, poor attention, and behavioral problems. Logistic regression links (p<.001) first trimester drinking (vs. no drinking) with FASD, elevating FASD likelihood 12 times; first and second trimester drinking increases FASD outcomes 61 times; and drinking in all trimesters 65 times. Conversely, a similar regression (p=.008) indicates that drinking only in the first trimester makes the birth of a child with an FASD 5 times less likely than drinking in all trimesters. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant variation in alcohol consumption both within and between diagnostic groupings of mothers bearing children diagnosed within the FASD continuum. Drinking measures are empirically identified and correlated with specific child outcomes. Alcohol use, especially heavy use, should be avoided throughout pregnancy.
Mean Drinks per Drinking Day (DDD) by Trimester and Diagnostic Group
1β20 of 38
Next β
No entities extracted from this document yet.
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
In this knowledge base
| Title | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|
| Meta-Analyses of Externalizing Disorders: Genetics or Prenatal Alcohol Exposure? | 2018 | 29063614 |
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol exposure during pregnancy and its impact on fetal neurodevelopment: a bibliometric and scientific mapping analysis. | Mendes PFS et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Developmental windows of vulnerability: Substance-specific effects of prenatal exposure timing on child psychopathology. | Li Q et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| A randomized controlled trial of Native CHOICES: Impact on alcohol-exposed pregnancy risk reduction among American Indian and Alaska Native women. | Hanson J et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Clinical Features of Typically Developing Children with and without Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. | May PA et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Differences in neurophysiological resting-state alpha spectral events in 4-12-year-old children with prenatal exposure to alcohol relative to typically developing controls. | Roberts D et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Integration of a facilitated access pathway for contraception into alcohol and other drug treatment services: A cohort study comparing metropolitan and regional settings. | McNamara KA et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Maternal and paternal risk factors associated with diagnoses within the continuum of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the USA: Proximal and distal influences. | May PA et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Maternal smoking and alcohol use in association with breastfeeding initiation, duration, and infant health - a scoping review. | Nakijoba R et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Neuronal Death: Now You See It, Now You Don't. | Balena T et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| The Efficacy of Individual Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. | Bruns J et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Alcohol consumption during pregnancy by women from southern Brazil: a cross-sectional study. | Zottis LFF et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Alcohol Triggers the Accumulation of Oxidatively Damaged Proteins in Neuronal Cells and Tissues. | Mudyanselage AW et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Anxiety and Depression and Sleep Problems Among Patients with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. | DylΔ g KA et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Impact of low-level prenatal alcohol exposure and maternal stress on autonomic regulation. | Maxwell JR et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Impact of Maternal Environment and Inflammation on Fetal Neurodevelopment. | Lubrano C et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Improving the quality of antenatal screening and early intervention for alcohol and other drug use: protocol for a multi-stage approach to systems reform. | Stevens MWR et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Inter- and trans-generational impacts of environmental exposures on the germline resolved at the single-cell level. | Hatai D et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Low to moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and neurodevelopment in a prospective cohort of early school aged children. | Muggli E et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Distal variables. | May PA et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Reach, Acceptability, and Sustainability of the Native Changing High-Risk Alcohol Use and Increasing Contraception Effectiveness Study (CHOICES) Intervention: A Qualitative Evaluation of an Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancy Prevention Program. | London SM et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Screening and early intervention for substance use during pregnancy: A retrospective case note review of antenatal care records. | Stevens MWR et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Sex-specific Differences in Resting Oscillatory Dynamics in Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. | Candelaria-Cook FT et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The Concurrent and Longitudinal Relationship between Perinatal Sleep Difficulties and Depression in a Large Sample of High-Risk Women in South Africa. | Asarnow LD et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Transgenerational of Oxidative Damage Induced by Prenatal Ethanol Exposure on Spatial Learning/Memory and BDNF in the of Male Rats. | Shaabani Ghahremanlo M et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| A Dynamic Balance between Neuronal Death and Clearance in an <i>in Vitro</i> Model of Acute Brain Injury. | Balena T et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Enhancing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders diagnosis with a classifier based on the intracerebellar gradient of volumetric undersizing. | Fraize J et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Epigenetics in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. | Basavarajappa BS | β | 2023 | β |
| Exercise in Adolescence Enhances Callosal White Matter Refinement in the Female Brain in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. | Milbocker KA et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| High-resolution imaging in studies of alcohol effect on prenatal development. | Meombe Mbolle A et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Maternal and paternal risk factors for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Alcohol and other drug use as proximal influences. | May PA et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Mitigating the detrimental developmental impact of early fetal alcohol exposure using a maternal methyl donor-enriched diet. | Breton-LarrivΓ©e M et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Multifaceted case management during pregnancy is associated with better child outcomes and less fetal alcohol syndrome. | May PA et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Predicting Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Using Machine Learning Techniques: Multisite Retrospective Cohort Study. | Oh SS et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Screening for Alcohol Use in Pregnancy: a Review of Current Practices and Perspectives. | Dozet D et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Serum Levels of Hormones Regulating Appetite in Patients with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. | PodgΓ³rski R et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Significance of Selected Environmental and Biological Factors on the Risk of FASD in Women Who Drink Alcohol during Pregnancy. | Grzywacz E et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Synaptic Plasticity Abnormalities in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. | Basavarajappa BS et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The effect of supervision on community health workers' effectiveness with households in rural South Africa: A cluster randomized controlled trial. | Rotheram-Borus MJ et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Assessment of BMP responses in an <i>in vitro</i> model of acute ethanol toxicity. | Habeeb N et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Characteristic physical traits of first-grade children in the United States with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and associated alcohol and drug exposures. | May PA et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Compromised interhemispheric transfer of information partially mediates cognitive function deficits in adolescents with fetal alcohol syndrome. | Biffen SC et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Distinctive neural correlates of phonological and reading impairment in fetal alcohol-exposed adolescents with and without facial dysmorphology. | Yu X et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| DNA methylation as a potential mediator of the association between prenatal tobacco and alcohol exposure and child neurodevelopment in a South African birth cohort. | Abrishamcar S et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| DNA Methylation as a Potential Mediator of the Association Between Prenatal Tobacco and Alcohol Exposure and Child Neurodevelopment in a South African Birth Cohort | Abrishamcar S et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Phosphatidylethanol in Maternal or Neonatal Blood to Detect Alcohol Exposure during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. | Franceschetto L et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Prevalence and Patterns of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure in Australian Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies: A Systematic Review of Data Collection Approaches. | Young SL et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Researching Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy. Opportunities and Challenges With Two Methods of Data Acquisition. | Binder A et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| The influence of maternal weight and alcohol exposure on infant physical characteristics and neurodevelopmental outcomes. | Hasken JM et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| The prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in rural communities in South Africa: A third regional sample of child characteristics and maternal risk factors. | May PA et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Trajectories of prenatal alcohol exposure and behavioral outcomes: Findings from a community-based sample. | Bandoli G et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Untargeted Metabolome Analysis of Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancies Reveals Metabolite Differences That Are Associated with Infant Birth Outcomes. | Hasken JM et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Use of Psychoactive Substances during the Perinatal Period: Guidelines for Interventions during the Perinatal Period from the French National College of Midwives. | Chanal C et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Alcohol induced impairment/abnormalities in brain: Role of MicroRNAs. | Sushma et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Alcohol's Impact on the Fetus. | Popova S et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy in Rakai, Uganda. | Wynn A et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Altering Cell-Cell Interaction in Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Models: Insight on Cell-Adhesion Molecules During Brain Development. | Licheri V et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| An enriched biosignature of gut microbiota-dependent metabolites characterizes maternal plasma in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. | Virdee MS et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Cellular and molecular mechanisms in the development of a cleft lip and/or cleft palate; insights from zebrafish (Danio rerio). | Atukorala ADS et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs): Guidelines of Interdisciplinary Group of Polish Professionals. | Okulicz-Kozaryn K et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Does early ethanol exposure increase seeking-like behavior in zebrafish? | Pinheiro-da-Silva J et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Estimating the community prevalence, child traits, and maternal risk factors of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) from a random sample of school children. | May PA et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Examination of cortically projecting cholinergic neurons following exercise and environmental intervention in a rodent model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. | Milbocker KA et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: current state of diagnosis and treatment. | Gomez DA et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Gestational age and birth growth parameters as early predictors of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. | Hasken JM et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Harmful alcohol use among mothers of under-five child: findings from the Panel Study on Korean Children. | Kim S et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Institutionalized Children and the Risk of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD); A Primer for Clinicians, Adoption Staff and Parents. | Koren G et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Neonatal ethanol causes profound reduction of cholinergic cell number in the basal forebrain of adult animals. | Smiley JF et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Non-Smad, BMP-dependent signaling protects against the effects of acute ethanol toxicity. | Habeeb N et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Facial Phenotype in Adolescents: A Study Based on Meconium Ethyl Glucuronide. | Maschke J et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Sex- and tissue-specific effects of binge-level prenatal alcohol consumption on DNA methylation at birth. | Loke YJ et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Addressing Alcohol Use in Pregnancy. | Mitchell AM et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Alcohol screening and brief intervention in emergency departments: Review of the impact on healthcare costs and utilization. | Barbosa C et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| An antenatal alcohol service evaluation of the north-east of England and north Cumbria. | Howlett H | β | 2020 | β |
| An interaction between fetal sex and placental weight and efficiency predicts intrauterine growth in response to maternal protein insufficiency and gestational exposure window in a mouse model of FASD. | Kwan STC et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Anxious Behavior of Adult CD1 Mice Perinatally Exposed to Low Concentrations of Ethanol Correlates With Morphological Changes in Cingulate Cortex and Amygdala. | Madarnas C et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| A Systematic Review of the Effects of Perinatal Alcohol Exposure and Perinatal Marijuana Exposure on Adult Neurogenesis in the Dentate Gyrus. | Reid HMO et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Developmental stage-dependent deficits induced by embryonic ethanol exposure in zebrafish: A neurochemical analysis. | Facciol A et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Drowning our sorrows: clinical and ethical considerations of termination in alcohol-affected pregnancy. | Martin R et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Embryonic Exposure to Ethanol Increases Anxiety-Like Behavior in Fry Zebrafish. | Pinheiro-da-Silva J et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| [Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in adults]. | Wagner JC et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a Midwestern City: Child Characteristics, Maternal Risk Traits, and Prevalence. | May PA et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a Southeastern County of the United States: Child Characteristics and Maternal Risk Traits. | May PA et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Guideline No. 405: Screening and Counselling for Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy. | Graves L et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Korean mothers' alcohol consumption trajectories from childbirth to 6Β years postpartum and children's executive function difficulties at first grade. | Kim YH | β | 2020 | β |
| Maternal adverse childhood experiences are associated with binge drinking during pregnancy in a dose-dependent pattern: Findings from the All Our Families cohort. | Currie CL et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Maternal alcohol intakes before and during pregnancy: Impact on the mother and infant outcome to 18 months. | McDonald BW et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Murine Models for the Study of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Overview. | Almeida L et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Ocular measurements in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. | Gomez DA et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Patterns of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Alcohol-Related Dysmorphic Features. | Bandoli G et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Phosphatidylethanol Levels in Postpartum Women and Their Newborns in Uruguay and Brazil. | Baldwin AE et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Short Exposure to Moderate Concentration of Alcohol During Embryonic Development Does Not Alter Gross Morphology in Zebrafish. | Paul I et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The causal web of foetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a review and causal diagram. | McQuire C et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Brain Volume in Children and Adolescents With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. | Uban KA et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The role of teratogens in neural crest development. | Cerrizuela S et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Zebrafish Shoaling, Its Behavioral and Neurobiological Mechanisms, and Its Alteration by Embryonic Alcohol Exposure: A Review. | Facciol A et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Alcohol exposure during embryonic development: An opportunity to conduct systematic developmental time course analyses in zebrafish. | Facciol A et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Deficits in arithmetic error detection in infants with prenatal alcohol exposure: An ERP study. | Berger A et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Gender Stereotypes and Preconception Health: Men's and Women's Expectations of Responsibility and Intentions to Engage in Preventive Behaviors. | Mello S et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Hippocampal transcriptome reveals novel targets of FASD pathogenesis. | Lunde-Young R et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Patterns of Prenatal Alcohol Use That Predict Infant Growth and Development. | Bandoli G et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Prenatal exposures and infant brain: Review of magnetic resonance imaging studies and a population description analysis. | Pulli EP et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Exposure by Analysis of Meconium Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters; A National Canadian Study. | Delano K et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Screening for prenatal alcohol exposure and corresponding short-term neonatal outcomes. | Maxwell S et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Suicide risk in adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. | O'Connor MJ et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| "The Dop System of Alcohol Distribution is Dead, but It's Legacy Lives Onβ¦." | May PA et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The NKCC1 antagonist bumetanide mitigates interneuronopathy associated with ethanol exposure in utero. | Skorput AG et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| An investigation of intra-individual variability in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). | Ali S et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| A utilitarian comparison of two alcohol use biomarkers with self-reported drinking history collected in antenatal clinics. | May PA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Zebrafish in the analysis of the milder and more prevalent form of the disease. | Seguin D et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Meta-Analyses of Externalizing Disorders: Genetics or Prenatal Alcohol Exposure? | Wetherill L et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Prevalence of alcohol use in pregnant women with substance use disorder. | Bakhireva LN et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Protective effect of exogenous melatonin in rats and their offspring on the genotoxic response induced by the chronic consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. | Sousa Coelho IDD et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Regional dysregulation of taurine and related amino acids in the fetal rat brain following gestational alcohol exposure. | Lunde-Young R et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Risk for Childhood Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems in the Context of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A Meta-Analysis and Comprehensive Examination of Moderators. | Khoury JE et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Substance use in pregnancy: The medical challenge. | Louw KA | β | 2018 | β |
| Systematic literature review on which maternal alcohol behaviours are related to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). | Roozen S et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women With Moderate to Severe Alcohol Consumption Is Related to Infant Developmental Outcomes. | Donald KA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Alcohol Use During Pregnancy or Breastfeeding: A National Survey in France. | Dumas A et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Association Between Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Craniofacial Shape of Children at 12 Months of Age. | Muggli E et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Characteristics of pregnant women who reported alcohol use at admission to substance use treatment. | Washio Y et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Computer-Aided Recognition of Facial Attributes for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. | Valentine M et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Differential Recruitment of Brain Regions During Response Inhibition in Children Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol. | Kodali VN et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Drinking and smoking patterns during pregnancy: Development of group-based trajectories in the Safe Passage Study. | Dukes K et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Improving screening for alcohol consumption during pregnancy with phosphatidylethanol. | Bracero LA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Long-standing Challenges to Exposure Measurement and Outcome Definitions: the Case of Alcohol and Autism Spectrum Disorder. | Keim SA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Parkin deficiency exacerbate ethanol-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration by P38 pathway dependent inhibition of autophagy and mitochondrial function. | Hwang CJ et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Reductions in Corpus Callosum Volume Partially Mediate Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on IQ. | Biffen SC et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Replication of High Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevalence Rates, Child Characteristics, and Maternal Risk Factors in a Second Sample of Rural Communities in South Africa. | May PA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Risk for Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancies Among Women at Drinking Venues in Cape Town, South Africa. | Watt MH et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Who is most affected by prenatal alcohol exposure: Boys or girls? | May PA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Alcohol consumption and fecundability: prospective Danish cohort study. | Mikkelsen EM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Alcohol-Induced Developmental Origins of Adult-Onset Diseases. | Lunde ER et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Alcohol Use During Pregnancy in a South African Community: Reconciling Knowledge, Norms, and Personal Experience. | Watt MH et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| An Update on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome-Pathogenesis, Risks, and Treatment. | Gupta KK et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Breastfeeding and maternal alcohol use: Prevalence and effects on child outcomes and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. | May PA et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Chronic Gestational Exposure to Ethanol Leads to Enduring Aberrances in Cortical Form and Function in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. | Skorput AG et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Developmental Ethanol Exposure Leads to Long-Term Deficits in Attention and Its Underlying Prefrontal Circuitry. | Louth EL et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Epigenetic Mechanisms in Developmental Alcohol-Induced Neurobehavioral Deficits. | Basavarajappa BS et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| High doses of alcohol during pregnancy cause DNA damages in osteoblasts of newborns rats. | Carvalho IC et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Objective Measures of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A Systematic Review. | McQuire C et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| The continuum of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in a community in South Africa: Prevalence and characteristics in a fifth sample. | May PA et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| The continuum of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in four rural communities in South Africa: Prevalence and characteristics. | May PA et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Updated Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. | Hoyme HE et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Development of a scale to evaluate midwives' beliefs about assessing alcohol use during pregnancy. | Watkins RE et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Effects of artificial sweeteners on breath alcohol concentrations in male and female social drinkers. | Stamates AL et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. | Williams JF et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Genetic epidemiology and insights into interactive genetic and environmental effects in autism spectrum disorders. | Kim YS et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Indicated Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in South Africa: Effectiveness of Case Management. | de Vries MM et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Low to Moderate Average Alcohol Consumption and Binge Drinking in Early Pregnancy: Effects on Choice Reaction Time and Information Processing Time in Five-Year-Old Children. | Kilburn TR et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Neuroimaging effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing human brain: a magnetic resonance imaging review. | Donald KA et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome and partial fetal alcohol syndrome in a Rocky Mountain Region City. | May PA et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancy among an American Indian/Alaska Native population: effect of a screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment intervention. | Montag AC et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Autophagy and ethanol neurotoxicity. | Luo J | β | 2014 | β |
| Dietary intake, nutrition, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. | May PA et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Drinking before and after pregnancy recognition among South African women: the moderating role of traumatic experiences. | Choi KW et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Identifying maternal risk factors associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: a systematic review. | Esper LH et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Implications of genomic signatures in the differential vulnerability to fetal alcohol exposure in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. | Lossie AC et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Longitudinal cohort study of depression, post-traumatic stress, and alcohol use in South African women who attend alcohol serving venues. | Abler LA et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in a province in Italy. | Ceccanti M et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Renal dysfunction in fetal alcohol syndrome: a potential contributor on developmental disabilities of offspring. | Assadi F | β | 2014 | β |