FASD, and the randomly-selected children, were administered developmental tests by psychometricians, their teachers completed behavior checklists, and their mothers were interviewed about maternal risk factors. All final child diagnoses were made in case conferences using revised IOM criteria (Hoyme et al., 2005). Paired mother/child cases constitute the sample (n = 250): mothers of children with FAS (n=63), with PFAS (n=48), with ARND (n=32), and 107 randomly-selected controls, found to neither have an FASD nor suffer from another disability. Twenty-six controls were alcohol-exposed in utero, and 81 were not. Mirroring the population of this community, virtually all study participants were mixed-race (“Coloured”) individuals, and <10% were Blacks or Whites. The children with an FASD were on average 83.7 months (SD=8.9), 50.3% male, and a birth order of 2.4 (SD=1.2). Control children were 80.1 months old (SD=6.4), 56.1% male, with an average birth order of 2.0 (SD=1.0). Mothers of children with FASD averaged 33.5 years of age (SD=6.1) with gravidity of 3.6 (SD=1.5) and parity of 3.2 (SD=1.3). Mothers of normal controls were 34 years old (SD=6.6) with gravidity of 2.9 (SD=1.3) and parity of 2.7 (SD=0.9; see May et al., 2013a for more sample details).
